Almannavarnir (2016a) Civil protection in Iceland. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards (ash, debris-flows, jökulhlaup, lahars, etc.) At its highest point Eyjafjallajökull rises to … Responses to Eyjafjallajökull? The Eyjafjallajokull volcanic eruption This resource could be used as a carousel activity with information sheets about Eyjafjallajokull in Iceland and a case study record sheet for completion by students. The survey incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the vicinity of the Eyjafjallajökull and Katla volcanoes. In comparison to the 20 March eruption, the greatest proportion of survey respondents indicated they heard about the possibility of Eyjafjallajökull erupting for a second time from the Chief of Police/police (40%) but received news of the start of the 14 April eruption over the radio (36%). Eyjafjallajökull became Iceland’s most infamous volcano in 2010 when the ash cloud from its summit eruption caused unprecedented disruption to the international aviation industry and considerable challenges to local farming communities and villages. Multiple sources of data were used to develop this narrative of crisis coordination and communication during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptions. While the immediate evacuation plans were effective, the ash fall problems illustrated the need for necessary precautions and broadly defined preparedness strategies. The power and wrath of Eyjafjallajökull came into dramatic clarity this weekend as the clouds parted for the first time since the glacier-topped volcano threw world air travel into turmoil. 2010). Everyone in this home was pleased with the decision, because it is better to be cut off being at home than to evacuate and unable to return home and attend the livestock. For example, as formal guidelines for volcanic crisis communication were not in place prior to March 2010, officials were forced to develop ad hoc strategies during the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. 2010; Karlsdóttir et al. As Þorkelsson (2012) points out, IMO did not and still does not have a designated press office that can deal with a huge demand for crisis information yet they were faced with an enormous influx of requests, fielding calls from around 100 international reporters on just day two of the summit eruption. Although tragic, it is surprising that these were the only fatalities considering the adverse conditions and thousands of keen spectators trying to access the eruption site (Donovan and Oppenheimer 2010). The pre-defined plans for evacuation, based on the hazard assessment from 2005 (see Guðmundsson and Gylfason 2005) were implemented for the first time in the early hours of 21 March. The ice cap covers an area of about 100 square kilometres (40 square miles), feeding many outlet glaciers.The main outlet glaciers are to the north: Gígjökull, flowing into Lónið, and Steinholtsjökull, flowing into Steinholtslón. These face-to-face meetings with local residents were critical as ash fall had not affected these areas for over 60 years and plans for dealing with this hazard were not established. In: Margottini C, Canuti P, Sassa K (eds) Landslide science and practice, vol 3., Spatial analysis and modellingSpringer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 435–440, Johannesdottir G (2016) National risk assessment for Iceland. Residents living in close proximity are well aware of the potential hazards from a Katla eruption. Geography. Scientists and media people receive a pass to go into the risk area on their own responsibility. In our area the planning for the evacuation and the evacuation centre was not good, it should have been planned better. 1. Predictions informed scientists to tell farmers not to let animals drink from outdoor water sources as high levels of fluoride would have contaminated water and would have had deadly effects on cattle. The impacted region was, and still is, an important agricultural region, with 15% of all cattle, 6% of all sheep, 17% of all horses and 12% of all dairy production in Iceland in 2010 (Farmers Association of Iceland 2010). BMJ Open 2, Donovan A, Oppenheimer C (2012) Governing the lithosphere: insights from Eyjafjallajökull concerning the role of scientists in supporting decision-making on active volcanoes. The major volcano in southern Iceland, close to Eyjafjallajökull. Eyjafjallajökull, Katla and the surrounding districts. This growth is expected to continue in the coming years. Ash was tracked by many countries so they could decide what to do about air traffic in advance. Establishment of two media centres, with one being in close proximity to the eruption site, met the enormous demands from local and international media and thus relieved pressure on agencies and institutes involved in the response. Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Bennett AJ, Odams P, Edwards D, Arason Þ (2010) Monitoring of lightning from the April–May 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption using a very low frequency lightning location network. Media people were too aggressive to the residents, soon after the eruption started. Communication with local residents took place through agencies’ websites, the national media and frequent open town hall meetings where representatives of institutions responsible for eruption monitoring, health, safety and livestock handling provided advice. Even though survey respondents and interviewees indicated they trusted information from RÚV, they were overall critical of the media during the 2010 eruptions. A tale of two cities: responses to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and lessons for health disaster management. FutureVolc, Reykjavík, p 198, Heiðarsson EP, Loughlin SC, Witham C, Barsotti S (2015) D3.2—Information for EU-MIC and scenarios for major events. Nov. 21, 2020. In: Erfurt-Cooper P (ed) Volcanic tourist destinations. Marcel Theroux takes a hike up Eyjafjallajökull, the volcano that erupted in 2010 causing airports across Europe to close as an ash cloud drifted towards the continent. Case study - eruption in a developed country: Eyjafjallajökull. Similarly, IES developed a designated webpage for the Eyjafjallajökull eruption as part of their website (see http://earthice.hi.is/eruption_eyjafjallajokull_2010). As reported by survey interviewees and Þorkelsson (2012), the main task of DCPEM, the police and rescue teams during this time was managing crowd control on site; a task that was made all the more difficult due to the extreme conditions and often very ill-prepared onlookers who lacked suitable clothing for the cold, were exhausted, and sometimes needed assistance with broken down vehicles. In 2010 volcanic ash from Eyjafjallajökull clouded Europe for days. Direct and rapid communication between monitoring scientists at IMO and IES with DCPEM and local police prompted response such as road closures and evacuations in line with the hazard assessment-based pre-defined plans. 2011). It has been an active volcano since many decades. Residents were also frustrated with the media stating that the Eyjafjallajökull eruptions were “a show and nothing in comparison to what Katla can do”. Eyjafjallajökull (also known as Eyjafjöll) is located west of Katla volcano. However, some survey respondents indicated that they did not receive the SMS or call to evacuate while others who did receive it chose to ignore it. In April 2010 the ash cloud from Iceland's Eyjafjallajokull volcano triggered the biggest aviation shutdown in Europe since World War II. 2014, p. 62). Eyjafjallajökull, lying in south-west of Iceland, is a volcano covered by an ice cap. IES considered it essential to make this unpublished primary scientific data open to the public as soon as it was available, due to the international extent of Eyjafjallajökull’s impacts (Þorkelsson 2012). The catalogue provides descriptions of the geological and tectonic setting of each volcano along with eruption history, characteristics and associated hazards, activity status, monitoring, and possible eruption scenarios. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci 9:251–266, Bird DK, Gísladóttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2010) Volcanic risk and tourism in southern Iceland: implications for hazard, risk and emergency response education and training. … Thorsteinsson T, Jóhannsson T, Stohl A, Kristiansen NI (2012) High levels of particulate matter in Iceland due to direct ash emissions by the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and resuspension of deposited ash. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in 2010 was an unprecedented event for European aviation and emphasized the need for advancements in the corresponding risk management of the stakeholders involved. Ríkislögreglustjórinn and Háskólaútgáfan, Reykjavík, pp 11–44, Harris AJL, Gurioli L, Hughes EE, Lagreulet S (2012) Impact of the Eyjafjallajökull ash cloud: a newspaper perspective. 2010). AXELOS' PPM Historian returns to unpack how effective Risk Management could have impacted The European Ash Cloud, Eyjafjallajökull. 2010), gas emissions, heavy sound blasts and lava flows reaching over 3 km down the slopes on the north side (Gudmundsson et al. Press conferences were held at both locations to help deal with the enormous interest in the event (Guðmundsdóttir 2016). Almannavarnir (2016b) Emergency response. 2013). The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull goes far beyond the lava flow, it gave the opportunity for changes in aviation regulation and advances in volcanic science. One survey interviewee summed up many people’s sentiment with the statement: Survey interviewees also found it disturbing when the international media portrayed them as helpless victims, dramatizing the summit eruption without any consideration of how people were living their day-to-day lives through the event. Preparation done in the years prior to the eruption proved crucial to the execution of monitoring, in particular relating to the life-threatening flood hazard. The New York Times is providing fantastic coverage of the still-lingering volcanic ash cloud that has been severely disrupting — and in most places completely halting — air traffic in Europe since the Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted in Iceland on Wednesday.. Feelings of insecurity during the eruption, Being required to use protective equipment when working outside during the eruption, Spending time outdoors in ash fall during the eruption due to work commitments or other duties. Not enough consultation. Pre-eruption risk communication, in particular at the town hall meetings, enabled trust to develop between emergency management officials and the general public, which increased the effectiveness of communication during the crisis. The original version of this chapter was revised: An affiliation has been updated. Without a doubt, the Eyjafjallajökull eruption dominated international media with the closure of transatlantic and European airspace causing tens of thousands of flights to be cancelled (Harris et al. Contributions from the Ash Fall Impacts Working Group, Katharine Haynes, Carolina Garcia Londoño and Guðrún Pétursdóttir are appreciated in relation to the development of the questionnaire. At this stage, immediate measures are taken to ensure security, save lives and prevent casualties, damage and or loss. While the evacuation was effective in preventing loss of life and serious injury due to jökulhlaup, there were no immediate plans in place with respect to mitigating the impacts of ash (Bird and Gísladóttir, Supporting these comments, Gissurardóttir (. Óladóttir OÞ (2015) Tourism in Iceland in figures. IES and DCPEM designated around 5–7 fulltime staff to work exclusively on dealing with the demand from international media (Þorkelsson 2012). Not affiliated The role of this group continued well after the eruption was over, with responsibility shifting from crisis communication to the promotion of Iceland through an advertisement campaign entitled ‘Inspired by Iceland’ in an effort to attract tourists back in the wake of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. 2010). Other improvements included modifications to the IMO website, in order to enhance communication with the broader population. The planning was in general OK especially for Landeyjar. Emergency phase is characterized by an event which has already begun and could lead, or already has led to, harm to people, communities, properties or the environment. As such, IES does not have any statutory obligations with respect to the monitoring and communication of volcanic activity. The experience gained from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption is important and the immediate crisis communication strategies were effective in promoting the successful evacuation of local residents. A 500-meter- (2,000-foot) long fissure opened in the Fimmvörduháls pass to the west of the ice-covered summit of Eyjafjallajökull. Uncertainty phase/level is characterized by an event which has already started and could lead to a threat to people, communities or the environment. Nature 468:426–432. These plans have, however, undergone revisions since 2002 to rectify this omission due to the realised threat evidenced by continuing magma intrusions in Eyjafjallajökull. 2010) with extremely sharp and hard particles, justifying grave concerns for aircraft, as the ash had the ability to cause window and body abrasions as well as melt jet engines (Gislason et al. Launched on the second day of the summit eruption, additional pages containing relevant background and overview information were added to the website, alongside IMOs real-time monitoring data (Þorkelsson 2012). They described it as such that everything here was covered in ash, and the situation in the area disastrous, but it was absolutely not so. The two anonymous reviewers are also thanked for providing invaluable recommendations that helped improve the manuscript from the original. 1. Faculty of Earth Sciences, Masters Thesis in Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources Management, Earth Science Institute, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, ISBN 978-9979-9914-0-3, Lund KA, Benediktsson K, Mustonen TA (2010) The Eyjafjallajökull eruption and tourism: report from a survey in 2010. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to present all survey data (some results have been presented by Bird et al. Such engagement invites opportunities to enhance collaboration and communication prior to unrealised events occurring. Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice cap. Ad hoc procedures were therefore added to the processes already in place in order to deal with unanticipated events as they occurred. One resident stated “[The regional police chief] has done some very good work in trying to make better plans with the residents.” Part of the developing plans included detailed site visits and close collaborations with the tourism industry. Since the volcano erupted only 9 years ago, the likelihood of Eyjafjallajökull erupting within the next few years is not very likely but volcanoes are not easily predictable. About the Volcano...• Eyjafjallajökull is the name of the glacier that sits on top of the volcano, meaning “Island Mountain Glacier”.• The volcano is actually called Eyjafjoll.• The caldera at the top of the volcano is 2.5km wide.• A tale of two cities: responses to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption and lessons for health disaster management Aust Health Rev. J Volcanol Geoth Res 189:33–48, Bird DK, Gísladóttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2011) Different communities, different perspectives: issues affecting residents’ response to a volcanic eruption in southern Iceland. These reports were openly discussed with local residents at a Temporary Service Centre established in Heimaland to deal with the crisis, which is in close proximity to Eyjafjallajökull. Efforts made in 2003–2006 were therefore aimed at understanding and mitigating the risk from eruptions in both Mýrdalsjökull (Katla) and Eyjafjallajökull, in relation to reducing the likelihood of accidents and fatalities to jökulhlaups (Guðmundsson and Gylfason 2005). The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. These floods destroyed farmlands and caused some damage to roads and infrastructure but no lives were lost (Gislason et al. The glacier of Eyjafjallajökull is approximately 100 square kilometres (39 square miles), making it the country’s sixth largest. In 1967, there was a massive … The areas impacted by jökulhlaup (flood) inundation and where cumulated ash fall exceeded 1 cm, are shown. Impacts and Responses of Icelandic Aviation to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Volcanic Eruption Gudmundur Freyr Ulfarsson and Elizabeth A. Unger Transportation Research Record 2011 2214 : 1 , 144-151 Other local news media, such as the ‘Fréttablaðið’ and ‘Morgunblaðið’ newspapers and the English newspaper ‘The Reykjavik Grapevine’ and magazine ‘Iceland Review’ also broadcasted news of the event via their traditional and online platforms. Led by the Ministry of Industry and Tourism (now the Ministry of the Interior), this team met every morning during the eruption, and included people from the DCPEM, IMO, IES, tourism operators, airlines and public relations people from the ministries and municipalities. Initial volcanic risk management plans, developed from as early as 1973 for southern Iceland, did not include response to an Eyjafjallajökull eruption. Bringing these sources of information together, the following sections detail the events as they unfolded, with a particular focus on the activities, challenges and achievements of the key agencies and local residents’ views of and responses to crisis coordination and communication. 2011 Aug;35(3):294-6. doi: 10.1071/AH10941. The main role of IES is research in earth sciences, including a strong emphasis on volcanology. Eyjafjallajökull, Katla and the surrounding districts. Department of Geology and Geography, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, p 103. Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. To provide context, the chapter first describes the roles and responsibilities of local, key agencies involved in civil protection and emergency management in Iceland. This was critical, given that a jökulhlaup from an Eyjafjallajökull eruption has the potential to impact inhabited areas within 1 h (Sigurðsson et al. Europe had just finished its first volcanic ash crisis exercise validating changes and improvements to the volcanic ash contingency plan and procedures, when a new eruption on Iceland, … Severe curtailment of flights over much of Europe took place during the crisis, which lasted for slightly more than one … As soon as the eruption site was located in the early morning on the flank of Eyjafjallajökull and not under the ice-cap, residents were allowed to return to their homes. Eyjafjallajökull eruption: A new phase started on 14 April 2010 A new phase of the Eyjafjallajökull eruption started around midnight on the 14th of April, where melt penetrated its way to the central crater beneath the glacier. It sits close to the fourth greatest, Mýrdalsjökull, which also conceals another notorious volcano, this one called Katla. The event is defined and a hazard assessment is conducted regularly. 5. A 500-meter- (2,000-foot) long fissure opened in the Fimmvörduháls pass to the west of the ice-covered summit of Eyjafjallajökull. In: Guðmundsson MT, Gylfason ÁG (eds) Hættumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa frá vestanverðum Mýrdalsjökli og Eyjafjallajökli. Despite this experience, formal guidelines have not been established. A phonecall in the dead of night was the first inkling the people living on the Thorvaldseyri farm had that Iceland's glacier-covered Eyjafjallajokull volcano was about to erupt. The first daily report was disseminated on 14 April 2010, with a standardised form of the joint reports adopted some days later, and continuing every day during the summit eruption, after which the less frequently issued reports continued until 9 December 2010 (see http://www.sst.is/displayer.asp?cat_id=413). 2011, Bird and Gísladóttir 2012). Predictions informed scientists to tell farmers not to let animals drink from outdoor water sources as high levels of fluoride would have contaminated water and would have had deadly effects on cattle. European flights cancelled because heat of engine turns ash into a glass-like material, 2. Then, fjalla which means mountains, and last jökull, which means glacier. And sometimes the news was erroneous. 2015). Hence, it is not surprising that the survey revealed the majority (50%) of respondents heard about the commencement of the eruption via a family member, friend or neighbour. Also in response to Eyjafjallajökull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. This exploration reveals that the trust developed through close communication between all involved prior to and during the eruption increased the effectiveness of crisis communication. (2012) and Þorkelsson (2012). Icelandic Meteorological Office observes all Iceland's volcanoes and … The Iiceland volcanic ash cloud in 2010 and 2011 caused significant disruption to Northern European airtravel. These plans have, however, undergone revisions since 2002 to rectify this omission due to the realised threat evidenced by continuing magma intrusions in Eyjafjallajökull. 2012). This need for resilience is not confined to the local population, but also includes the ever-increasing number of tourists who visit Iceland and who engage in activities around Iceland’s active volcanoes. As many as 800 people had to be evacuated after the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in southern Iceland erupted yesterday.. Iceland sits astride the Mid Atlantic ridge and is owes its entire existence to … Seidl IA(1), Daly MP, Johnson AJ, Aitken P. Author information: (1)Townsville Health Service District, Townsville, QLD 4810, Australia. 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