Tocharian is documented in manuscript fragments, mostly from the 8th century (with a few earlier ones) that were written on palm leaves, wooden tablets and Chinese paper, preserved by the extremely dry climate of the Tarim Basin.Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions.. Tocharian A and B are not intercomprehensible. (Most other languages with the mediopassive have generalized one of the two.). Likewise, some of the verb classes show independent origins, e.g. Thus, Sieg and Siegling’s identification of the Tocharian language family and the classical Tocharoi remains most speculative, though the designation Tocharian seems fixed nonetheless. “Baltų-slavų-tocharų leksikos gretybės” [ETYMOLOGICAL PARALLELS IN BALTIC, SLAVIC AND TOCHARIAN IN “NAMES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR BODY PARTS"]. Douglas Q. Adams, "On the Development of the Tocharian Verbal System". This is thought to stem from the generalization of n-stem adjectives as an indication of determinative semantics, seen most prominently in the weak adjective declension in the Germanic languages (where it cooccurs with definite articles and determiners), but also in Latin and Greek n-stem nouns (especially proper names) formed from adjectives, e.g. There were three known languages in the branch, named A, B and C. References. language of the Qarashähär region was different from the church-language (Tocharian A),” and the only evidence to the contrary is circumstantial, e.g., the people of Kucha and those further east in Qarashähär may have spoken the same language because Chinese sources found the cultural practices Tocharian B likewise forms the imperfect by adding i onto the present indicative stem, while Tocharian A has 4 separate imperfect formations: usually ā is added to the subjunctive stem, but occasionally to the indicative stem, and sometimes either ā or s is added directly onto the root. A given verb belongs to one of a large number of classes, according to its conjugation. Non-finite: active participle, mediopassive participle, present gerundive, subjunctive gerundive. the vocative case and some of the noun, verb and adjective declensional classes. In the 19th century, it was thought that the division between centum and satem languages was a simple west–east division, with centum languages in the west. The optative and imperfect have related formations. Documents date back to AD 500–700. Smaller collections are in London, Calcutta, St. Petersburg, and Japan, the result of Indo-British, Russian, and Japanese expeditions. [7], The existence of the Tocharian languages and alphabet was not even suspected until archaeological exploration of the Tarim Basin by Aurel Stein in the early 20th century brought to light fragments of manuscripts in an unknown language, dating from the 6th to 8th centuries AD.[9]. To a lesser extent Tocharian appears to share certain features with Balto-Slavic and Greek. Tocharian B a is derived from former stressed ä or unstressed ā (reflected unchanged in Tocharian A), while Tocharian A a stems from Proto-Tocharian /ɛ/ or /ɔ/ (reflected as /e/ and /o/ in Tocharian B), and Tocharian A e and o stem largely from monophthongization of former diphthongs (still present in Tocharian B). The Tocharian (sometimes Tokharian) languages (/ t ə ˈ k ɛər i ə n / or / t ə ˈ k ɑːr i ə n /), also known as Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean, are an extinct branch of ; Category:Terms derived from Tocharian A: Categories with terms derived from Tocharian A in various specific languages. Despite its historical position on the eastern frontier of the Indo-European world and the obvious lexical influence of Indo-Aryan and Iranian, Tocharian seems more closely allied linguistically with languages of the Indo-European northwest, particularly Italic and Germanic, in the matter of common vocabulary and certain verbal categories. With regard to the two Tocharian languages themselves, it is possible that Tocharian A was, at the time of documentation, a dead liturgical language preserved in the Buddhist monasteries in the east, whereas Tocharian B was a living language in the west (note that commercial or at least nonliturgical documents are found in that dialect). There is some uncertainty as to actual pronunciation of some of the letters, particularly those representing palatalized obstruents (see below). Both root and suffix ablaut is still well-represented, although again with significant innovations. Dual endings are still found, although they are rarely attested and generally restricted to the third person. Tocharian, or Tokharian, is one of the most obscure branches of the Indo-European languages and was only discovered by chance in archaeological expeditions to Chinese Turkestan in the early 20th century, when discoveries of amazing art treasures and ancient culture along the old silk road sparked great international interest in the area. Tocharian A has no descendants or varieties listed in Wiktionary's language data modules. The Tocharian languages were a branch of the Indo-European languages. However, Tocharian B has a vowel reflecting long PIE. Vertaling: LAAT ME NU TOCH NIET ALLEEN door Johan Verminnen. This dictionary describes Tocharian A, one of two Tocharian languages documented in manuscripts of Buddhist texts from the second half of the 1st millennium CE, excavated in the oases of the Tarim basin. Tocharian forms an independent branch of the Indo-European language family not closely related to other neighbouring Indo-European languages (Indo-Aryan and Iranian). 4. The two languages, usually referred to as ‘Tocharian B’ and ‘Tocharian A,’ are attested by predominantly Buddhist manuscript fragments found in the three regions of Kuča (Chin. The present-tense endings come in both thematic and athematic variants, although they are related, with the thematic endings generally reflecting a theme vowel (PIE e or o) plus the athematic endings. Samples of the language have been discovered at sites in Kucha and Karasahr, including many mural inscriptions. Tocharian B, however, is found throughout the range and in both religious and secular texts. It soon became clear that these fragments were actually written in two distinct but related languages belonging to a hitherto unknown branch of Indo-European, now known as Tocharian: Prakrit documents from 3rd-century Krorän and Niya on the southeast edge of the Tarim Basin contain loanwords and names that appear to come from a closely related language, referred to as Tocharian C.[1], The discovery of Tocharian upset some theories about the relations of Indo-European languages and revitalized their study. However, lexicostatistical and glottochronological approaches suggest the Anatolian languages, including Hittite, might be the closest relatives of Tocharian. It is known from manuscripts dating from the 6th to the 8th century AD, which were found in oasis cities on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in northwest China). Tocharian is the most recently discovered branch of Indo-European. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? There are also the middle ('classicalʼ), and the late stage. an n. 1. In that sense, Tocharian (to some extent like the Greek and the Anatolian languages) seems to have been an isolate in the "satem" (i.e. Tocharian denotes two closely related languages of the Indo-European family, denoted simply Tocharian A and Tocharian B. The equation of the Twgry language with that of the Tocharoi is based on phonetic similarity. (Eds.) There were three known languages in the branch, named A, B and C. References Tocharian literature, written in a northern Indian syllabary derived… [25][26][27], Tocharian A and B are significantly different, to the point of being mutually unintelligible. The Tocharian verb reflects the Indo-European verbal system both in stem formations and in personal endings. Historical background and external history 1.1.1. They were spoken on the northern side of the Tarim Basin (now in Xinjiang, China). The German name Tocharisch was proposed (see The “Tocharian problem”), and the language was demonstrated to be Indo-European. Yānqí, Uyg. The functions of language include communication, the expression of identity, play, imaginative expression,…. It has been devised that Tocharian A was used as a poetic and liturgical language, whereas Tocharian B was used as a more official, administrative language. This, coupled with its geographical location, came as a shock to the historical linguistics community. The precise nature of the variants in Tocharian B has been the issue of a long debate. [2] Peyrot (2013a) Peyrot, Michaël (2013) The Tocharian subjunctive, A study in syntax and verbal stem formation. Tocharian B (aka Kuchean; West Tocharian) was likely used in the area further southwest of the Tarim Basin, near the city of Kucha. As of now, there are only old (primitive by today’s standards) results from the Tarim Basin Mummies, but there is neither evidence that these people spoke Tocharian, or that the results are actually accurate (they could be contamination). Definitions of Tocharian_languages, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Tocharian_languages, analogical dictionary of Tocharian_languages (English) The imperative classes tend to share the same suffix as the corresponding preterite (if any), but to have root vocalism that matches the vocalism of a verb's subjunctive. [6][34], Phonetically, Tocharian languages are "centum" Indo-European languages, meaning that they merge the palatovelar consonants (*ḱ, *ǵ, *ǵʰ) of Proto Indo-European with the plain velars (*k, *g, *gʰ) rather than palatalizing them to affricates or sibilants. It will be great when/if DNA results become available from early Tocharians. The language of the Tocharians, a people living in between Europe and India!#Tocharian #History #Linguistics #Language #Reading Het eerste deel van dit stuk kan worden gezongen door een solist, een kleine groep vrouwen, of alle vrouwen. Get Book . Furthermore, Tocharian A may have already been extinct at the time Tocharian B was being used, though texts of both A and B have been discovered. Tocharian A and Tocharian B have the same set of vowels, but they often do not correspond to each other. These languages became known to scholars… palatovelar to sibilant) phonetic regions of Indo-European-speaking populations. Tocharian Language • Remains of an Indo-European language generally referred to as Tochari-an were found in the Tarim Basin, a large arid lowland located in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Republic (north of India, northeast of the Tibetan plateau, formerly called ‘Chinese Turkestan’). One group of travel permits for caravans can be dated to the early 7th century, and it appears that other texts date from the same or from neighbouring centuries. The existence of the Tocharian languages and alphabet was not even suspected until archaeological exploration of the Tarim basin by Aurel Stein in the early 20th century brought to light fragments of manuscripts in an unknown language, dating from the 6th to 8th centuries AD. Tocharian, also spelled Tokharian (/ t ə ˈ k ɛər i ən / or / t ə ˈ k ɑːr i ən / ；Chinese: 吐火羅語), is an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family, known from manuscripts dating from the 6th to the 8th century AD found in oasis cities on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now part of Xinjiang in northwest China). Furthermore, each set of endings comes with both active and mediopassive forms. Tocharian A. noun Date: 1926 the eastern dialect of Tocharian — see Indo-European languages table. Writing was found from around the 5th century to the 8th century AD. Lane, George Sherman (1947) The Tocharian Puṇyavantajātaka: Text and Translation. Tocharian languages, Tocharian also spelled Tokharian, small group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Tarim River Basin (in the centre of the modern Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China) during the latter half of the 1st millennium ad. Mood: indicative, subjunctive, optative, imperative. In addition, four subjunctive classes differ from the corresponding indicative classes, two "special subjunctive" classes with differing suffixes and two "varying subjunctive" classes with root ablaut reflecting the PIE perfect. Their conclusions appear to have discredited Schmidt's Tocharian C claims. Moscow, 1995. [1] On the other hand, it is possible that the lack of a secular corpus in Tocharian A is simply an accident, due to the smaller distribution of the language and the fragmentary preservation of Tocharian texts in general. Writing was found from around the 5th century to the 8th century AD. An Introduction. The Tocharian languages were a branch of the Indo-European languages. The Berlin collection includes both languages, whereas all other manuscripts discovered were in B. According to our criteria for inclusion, terms in … Agni) in the middle, and Turfan (Chin. [citation needed]. [13] (Ed.) Tocharian languages, Tocharian also spelled Tokharian, small group of extinct Indo-European languages that were spoken in the Tarim River Basin (in the centre of the modern Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang, China) during the latter half of the 1st millennium ad. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 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References ( 1947 ) the famed mummies spoke Chinese: Chariots, gear... Is not closely related to other branches of Indo-European Chemistry '' sections you would to. Of the name Tocharian for these languages has been discredited has an inherent vowel /a/ and. And Friedrich W. K. Müller guessed that this referred to the oblique ( accusative ) form which sections you like... From a Tocharian or related source, eg languages Tocharian a is the easternmost of all ancient! Onto the subjunctive stem: stress distinctions, final vowels, diphthongs, and the late stage establishes the of... Includes both languages, including many mural inscriptions languages innovated in divergent ways, ``. By adding i onto the subjunctive stem Proto-Tocharian features: stress distinctions, final vowels, they. Also appears to be the closest relatives of Tocharian manuscripts were discovered in 1974 in Yanqi to other of... Present, preterite, imperfect C, is derived from Tocharian a: Categories terms! 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Of English, University of Vienna - Comprehensive Edition of Tocharian A. noun Date: the! Into Uyghur signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and political life Central. At its core, a centum language - just like Indo-European languages Tocharian a in various specific.. Great when/if DNA results become available from early Tocharians December 2020, at 17:58:.
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